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Thoracic Spine Operations:

The Surgical Approaches to

Mid - & Upper Back Problems

Chapter 17
Endoscopy for Access to the

Thoracic Vertebrae and Disks
Many types of surgeries in the thoracic region of the spine can be done using endoscopic tools. This means that the instruments and a small video camera are introduced through small portals placed through  the skin. The surgeon watches on a video screen while using the surgical  instruments. Illustration with permission of Neurosurgery, 51 S2:79-83,  2002.